4. **What role did Islamic art and architecture play in the context of the vast trade networks and cultural exchanges across the Islamic world, particularly during the periods of the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman Empires?

4. **What role did Islamic art and architecture play in the context of the vast trade networks and cultural exchanges across the Islamic world, particularly during the periods of the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman Empires?